DEF 14A of Design Therapeutics, Inc., Apr 23, 2026

DEF 14A of Design Therapeutics, Inc.

Filed Apr 23, 2026 · FY20250001193125-26-173678

Open on EDGAR

  1. ELECTION OF DIRECTORS

    ELECTION OF DIRECTORS Our Board of Directors is divided into three classes. Vacancies on the Board may be filled only by persons elected by a majority of the remaining directors. A director elected by the Board to fill a vacancy in a class, including vacancies created by an increase in the number of directors, shall serve for the remainder of the full term of that class and until the director’s successor is duly elected and qualified. The Board of Directors presently has seven members. There is one director in Class II whose term of office expires at this Annual Meeting: Simeon George, M.D. The nominee listed below is currently a director of the Company and was nominated to the Board of Directors at the Annual Meeting by the Board of Directors, and was previously elected by our stockholders. If elected at the Annual Meeting, this nominee would serve until the 2029 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and until his successor has been duly elected and qualified, or, if sooner, until his death, resignation or removal. It is the Company’s policy to invite directors and nominees for director to attend the Annual Meeting. The following directors of the Company attended the 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders: Pratik Shah, Ph.D.; Deepa Prasad; John Schmid; and Rodney Lappe, Ph.D. If the nominee becomes unavailable for election as a result of an unexpected occurrence, shares that would have been voted for the nominee may instead be voted for the election of a substitute designated by our Board of Directors, or alternatively, the Board may leave a vacancy on the Board or reduce the size of the Board. Dr. George has agreed to serve if elected. The Company’s management has no reason to believe that Dr. George will be unable to serve. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee seeks to assemble a Board of Directors that, as a whole, possesses the appropriate balance of professional and industry knowledge, financial expertise, and high-level management experience necessary to oversee and direct the Company’s business. The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and the Board of Directors also seek to attain diversity and balance among directors of viewpoints and backgrounds. To those ends, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee has identified and evaluated nominees in the broader context of the Board of Directors’ overall composition, with the goal of recruiting members who complement and strengthen the skills of other members and who also exhibit integrity, collegiality, sound business judgment, and other qualities that the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee views as critical to effective functioning of the Board of Directors. The brief biographies below include information, as of the date of this Proxy Statement, regarding the specific and particular experience, qualifications, attributes or skills of the director/nominee that led the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee to recommend that person as a nominee. However, each of the members of the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee may have a variety of reasons why he or she believes a particular person would be an appropriate nominee for the Board of Directors, and these views may differ from the views of other members.

  2. ELECTION OF DIRECTORS

    | Name | Class | Age | Position | Director Since | Current Term Expires | Expiration of Term For Which Nominated | | 1. Director Nominees | | | | | | | | Simeon George, M.D. | II | 49 | Lead Independent Director | 2020 | 2026 | 2029 | | 2. Continuing Directors | | | | | | | | Pratik Shah, Ph.D. | III | 56 | President, Chief Executive Officer, Director and Chairperson | 2017 | 2027 | — | | Justin Gover | III | 55 | Director | 2025 | 2027 | — | | David Shapiro, M.D. | III | 71 | Director | 2026 | 2027 | — | | Heather Berger, Ph.D. | I | 51 | Director | 2021 | 2028 | — | | Rodney Lappe, Ph.D. | I | 71 | Director | 2019 | 2028 | — | | John Schmid | I | 63 | Director | 2020 | 2028 | — |

  3. Nominee for Election for a Three-year Term Expiring at the 2029 Annual Meeting

    Nominee for Election for a Three-year Term Expiring at the 2029 Annual Meeting Simeon George, M.D., has served as a member of our Board of Directors since February 2020 and as our Lead Independent Director since August 2023. Since September 2020, Dr. George has served as the Chief Executive Officer and Managing Partner of SR One, a transatlantic biotech venture capital firm. Dr. George previously served in various roles at S.R. One, Limited (now called GSK Equity Investments, Limited), an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline plc, from 2007 to September 2020, most recently serving as Chief Executive Officer from January 2018 to September 2020. Dr. George was formerly a consultant at Bain & Company, and an investment banker at Goldman Sachs and Merrill Lynch. Dr. George currently serves on the boards of directors of the following public companies: CRISPR Therapeutics AG since March 2015 and Nkarta, Inc. since February 2020 (and previously from February 2015 to September 2017). Dr. George previously served on the boards of directors of Arcellx, Inc. (including co-founding the company) from January 2015 to September 2017, Turning Point Therapeutics, Inc. from May 2017 through its acquisition in August 2022, Principia Biopharma Inc. from February 2011 through its acquisition in September 2020, Progyny from May 2012 until October 2019, HTG Molecular Diagnostics, Inc., from June 2011 until October 2015, and Genocea Biosciences, Inc., from February 2009 to December 2014. Dr. George received his B.A. in Neuroscience from Johns Hopkins University, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa. He received his M.D. from the University of Pennsylvania’s School of Medicine and his M.B.A. (Mayer Scholar) from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. The Board of Directors believes that Dr. George is qualified to serve on our Board due to his experience in the life sciences industry and the venture capital industry, and his leadership and management experience.

  4. THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS

    THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS RECOMMENDS

  5. A VOTE IN FAVOR OF THE NAMED NOMINEES

    A VOTE IN FAVOR OF THE NAMED NOMINEES

  6. Directors Continuing Office Until the 2027 Annual Meeting

    Directors Continuing Office Until the 2027 Annual Meeting Pratik Shah, Ph.D., has served as our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson since August 2023 and before that served as our Executive Chairperson and a member of our Board of Directors since December 2017. Dr. Shah also serves as the Chairperson of the board of directors for ARS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and has been a member of its board of directors since April 2016. He has also served as President of Marlinspike Group, LLC since August 2018 and of Marlinspike Group, Inc. from June 2015 to October 2020. Dr. Shah served as the Chairman of the board of directors of Synthorx, Inc. from October 2018 until its acquisition by Sanofi S.A. in January 2020. Dr. Shah also served as the President and Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the board of directors of Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from October 2013 until its acquisition by Teva Pharmaceuticals Industries Ltd. in May 2015. From 2004 to 2014 he was a partner at Thomas, McNerney & Partners. Dr. Shah holds a B.S. in Biological Sciences from the University of California at Irvine and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and an M.B.A. in Finance, both from the University of Chicago. The Board of Directors believes that Dr. Shah is qualified to serve on our Board due to his ongoing service as our Chief Executive Officer, as well as his extensive experience as a director and executive officer of biopharmaceutical companies and his background as a venture capitalist in the biopharmaceutical industry. Justin Gover has served as a member of our Board of Directors since September 2025. Mr. Gover has served as a member of the board of directors of Xenon Pharmaceuticals Inc. since August 2023 and Compass Pathways plc since July 2025. From 1999 to May 2021, Mr. Gover served as the founding Chief Executive Officer and as a director of GW Pharmaceuticals plc until its sale to Jazz Pharmaceuticals plc. From 2018 to 2021, Mr. Gover served on the board of directors of the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO). Mr. Gover currently serves on the board of directors for Aeovian Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a private biotechnology company, Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine and CURE Epilepsy where he is Board Chair. Mr. Gover holds an M.B.A. from the INSEAD business school in France and a B.Sc. (Hons) from Bristol University, UK. The Board of Directors believes that Mr. Gover is qualified to serve on our Board due to his extensive experience as a director and executive officer of biopharmaceutical companies. David Shapiro, M.D. has served as a member of our Board of Directors since March 2026. Dr. Shapiro previously served on the board of directors of Galecto Inc., now Damora Therapeutics, Inc., from May 2020 to November 2025 and Organovo Holdings, Inc. from December 2018 until July 2020. From 1998 to April 2024, Dr. Shapiro served as the President and Chief Executive Officer of Integrated Quality Resources, a biotechnology and pharmaceutical development consulting company. Dr. Shapiro served as Chief Medical Officer and head of R&D at Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company, from April 2007 to May 2019. Earlier in his career, Dr. Shapiro was Chief Medical Officer, EVP Medical Affairs at Idun Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biotechnology company which was acquired by Pfizer in 2005. Dr. Shapiro also served as President of the Scripps Medical Research Center at Scripps Clinic from 1995 to 1997 and has held senior appointments at several biotechnology companies. Prior to joining the biotechnology sector, he led Merck & Co.’s hypertension clinical research program. Dr. Shapiro has served on the board of directors of several private companies and currently serves on the board of directors of Precision Biosciences, Inc. Dr. Shapiro holds an M.D. from Dundee University and Medical School and trained in general and respiratory medicine at the Oxford University Teaching Hospitals and the University of Vermont. He is a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP) and is an FFPM and FAASLD. The Board of Directors believes that Dr. Shapiro is qualified to serve on our Board due to his significant experience as a director and executive experience with biotechnology companies.

  7. Directors Continuing Office Until the 2028 Annual Meeting

    Directors Continuing Office Until the 2028 Annual Meeting Heather Berger, Ph.D., has served as a member of our Board of Directors since June 2021. Dr. Berger has served as a Venture Partner at Forge Life Science Partners since January 2026. Dr. Berger previously served as Chief Business Officer of Iolyx Therapeutics from May 2023 to January 2026. From September 2020 to December 2022, Dr. Berger served as a Principal at SR One. Dr. Berger was previously a Principal at S.R. One, Limited (now called GSK Equity Investments, Limited), an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of GlaxoSmithKline plc, from April 2019 to September 2020. From January 2017 to December 2018, Dr. Berger was a Principal at Sofinnova Ventures focusing on biopharmaceutical investments. Dr. Berger served as a Senior Vice President and biotechnology sell-side analyst at Wedbush Securities from August 2014 to December 2016, preceded by a role as an associate at JMP Securities from September 2010 to June 2014. Prior to this, Dr. Berger worked in early-stage drug discovery at the Astellas Research Institute and was also an adjunct professor at the Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University. Dr. Berger served as a member of the board of directors of Entasis Therapeutics Holdings Inc. from August 2017 to July 2022 and a member of the board of directors of Second Genome from November 2020 to December 2022. Dr. Berger received her Ph.D. in Chemistry from Northwestern University, an M.S. in Organic Chemistry from the Weizmann Institute of Science and her B.S. from Tufts University. The Board of Directors believes that Dr. Berger’s experience in the life science industry and her investment firm experience provide her with the qualifications and skills to serve on our Board. Rodney Lappe, Ph.D., has served as a member of our Board of Directors since July 2019 and as a consultant to the Company since November 2023. From June 2012 to February 2019, Dr. Lappe served as Executive Chairman, Chairman and a member of the board of directors for Mirati Therapeutics, Inc. From January 2012 to April 2019, Dr. Lappe served as the Senior Vice President of Tavistock Life Sciences Co., a private investment firm. From January 2004 to December 2011, Dr. Lappe was Group Senior Vice President, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development and Chief Scientific Officer for CovX Pharmaceuticals Inc. (CovX). Dr. Lappe joined Pfizer with the CovX acquisition in January 2008. From August 2000 to December 2003, Dr. Lappe served as Vice President for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases at Pharmacia Group. He was also site leader for Pharmacia in St. Louis. Prior to joining Pharmacia, he held positions of increasing responsibility with Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, Rorer Central Research, CIBA Geigy and Searle Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Lappe received his B.A. from Blackburn College and his Ph.D. in Pharmacology from Indiana University. The Board of Directors believes that Dr. Lappe is qualified to serve on our Board due to his extensive experience managing pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. John Schmid has served as a member of our Board of Directors since November 2020. Mr. Schmid has served as a member of the boards of directors of AnaptysBio, Inc. since June 2015, Bright Peak Therapeutics since March 2025, Helix Acquisition Corp III since January 2026, and First Tracks Biotherapeutics, Inc. since April 2026. In addition, Mr. Schmid serves as chairman of the board of directors of Speak, Inc., a speakers bureau, which he helped found in 1989. Mr. Schmid also served as a member of the board of directors of Xeris Pharmaceuticals from September 2017 to June 2025, Poseida Therapeutics Inc. from July 2018 to January 2025, Blacksmith Medicines (formerly known as Forge Therapeutics, Inc.) from May 2017 to April 2024, Neos Therapeutics from June 2015 to March 2021, Helix Acquisition Corporation from October 2020 to April 2022 and Helix Acquisition Corporation II from February 2024 to August 2025. From September 2013 to June 2015, Mr. Schmid served as Chief Financial Officer of Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. until its sale to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. From June 2004 to September 2013, Mr. Schmid co-founded Trius Therapeutics where he served as the Chief Financial Officer until its merger with Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Inc. From 1998 to 2003, Mr. Schmid served as the Chief Financial Officer of GeneFormatics, Inc. From 1995 to 1998, Mr. Schmid served as the Chief Financial Officer of Endonetics Inc. Mr. Schmid received a B.A. in Economics from Wesleyan University and an M.B.A. from the University of San Diego. The Board of Directors believes that Mr. Schmid is qualified to serve on our Board due to his extensive financial experience and leadership positions at multiple biopharmaceutical companies.

  8. Board Diversity

    Board Diversity Forty-three percent of our directors are women or racially or ethnically diverse individuals. We believe that our current directors possess diverse professional experiences, skills and backgrounds, in addition to, among other characteristics, high standards of personal and professional ethics and valuable knowledge of our business and our industry.

  9. INFORMATION REGARDING THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

    INFORMATION REGARDING THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

  10. Compensation Committee

    Compensation Committee Our Compensation Committee currently consists of Messrs. Gover and Schmid and Dr. George, with Mr. Gover serving as the chair. Our Board of Directors has determined that each of the members of our Compensation Committee is a non-employee director, as defined in Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act and satisfies the Nasdaq independence requirements. The Compensation Committee charter can be found on our website at www.designtx.com in the Corporate Governance section. The Charter is reviewed and updated annually, or as may be warranted from time to time. The functions of the Compensation Committee include, among other things: reviewing, modifying and approving (or if it deems appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board of Directors regarding) our overall compensation strategy and policies; • reviewing and approving (or in the case of the chief executive officer or, for other executive officers, if the Compensation Committee otherwise deems appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board of Directors regarding) the compensation and other terms of employment of our executive officers; • reviewing and approving (or if it deems it appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board of Directors regarding) performance goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our executive officers and assessing their performance against these goals and objectives; • reviewing and approving (or if it deems it appropriate, making recommendations to the full Board of Directors regarding) the equity incentive plans, compensation plans and similar programs advisable for us, as well as modifying, amending or terminating existing plans and programs; • evaluating risks associated with our compensation policies and practices and assessing whether risks arising from our compensation policies and practices for our employees are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on us; • reviewing and making recommendations to the full Board of Directors regarding the type and amount of compensation to be paid or awarded to our non-employee board members; • establishing policies with respect to votes by our stockholders to approve executive compensation as required by Section 14A of the Exchange Act and determining our recommendations regarding the frequency of advisory votes on executive compensation, to the extent required by law; • reviewing and assessing the independence of compensation consultants, legal counsel and other advisors as required by Section 10C of the Exchange Act; • administering our equity incentive plans; • establishing policies with respect to equity compensation arrangements; • reviewing the competitiveness of our executive compensation programs and evaluating the effectiveness of our compensation policy and strategy in achieving expected benefits to us; • reviewing and making recommendations to the full Board of Directors regarding the terms of any employment agreements, severance arrangements, change in control protections and any other compensatory arrangements for our executive officers; • reviewing with management and approving our disclosures under the caption “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” in our periodic reports or proxy statements to be filed with the SEC, to the extent such caption is included in any such report or proxy statement; preparing the report that the SEC requires in our annual proxy statement (if applicable); reviewing updates from the Company's management on human capital matters; and reviewing and assessing on an annual basis the performance of the compensation committee and the compensation committee charter. Typically, we will plan for the Compensation Committee to meet quarterly and with greater frequency if necessary. The agenda for each meeting is usually developed by the Chair of the Compensation Committee, in consultation with the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer or General Counsel. The Compensation Committee meets regularly in executive session. However, from time to time, various members of management and other employees as well as outside advisors or consultants may be invited by the Compensation Committee to make presentations, to provide financial or other background information or advice or to otherwise participate in Compensation Committee meetings. The Chief Executive Officer may not participate in, nor is he present during, any deliberations or determinations of the Compensation Committee regarding his compensation or individual performance objectives, respectively. The charter of the Compensation Committee grants the Compensation Committee full access to all our books, records, facilities, and personnel. In addition, under the charter, the Compensation Committee has the authority to obtain, at our expense, advice and assistance from internal and external legal, accounting or other advisors and other external resources that the Compensation Committee considers necessary or appropriate in the performance of its duties. The Compensation Committee has direct responsibility for the oversight of the work of any advisers engaged for the purpose of advising the Compensation Committee. In particular, the Compensation Committee has the authority, in its sole discretion, to retain compensation consultants to assist in its evaluation of executive and director compensation, including the authority to approve the consultant’s reasonable fees and other retention terms. Under its charter, the Compensation Committee may select, or receive advice from, a compensation consultant, legal counsel, or other adviser to the Compensation Committee, other than in-house legal counsel and certain other types of advisers, only after taking into consideration six factors, prescribed by the SEC and Nasdaq, that bear upon the adviser’s independence; however, there is no requirement that any adviser be independent. The Compensation Committee or the Board of Directors upon recommendation from the Compensation Committee, makes significant adjustments to annual compensation, determines bonus and equity awards, and establishes new performance objectives at one or more meetings held during the first quarter of the year or at the end of the year. Generally, the Compensation Committee’s process comprises two related elements: the determination of compensation levels and the establishment of performance objectives for the current year. For executives other than the Chief Executive Officer, the Compensation Committee solicits and considers evaluations and recommendations submitted to the Compensation Committee by the Chief Executive Officer. In the case of the Chief Executive Officer, the evaluation of his performance is conducted by the Board of Directors upon recommendation from the Compensation Committee, which determines any adjustments to his compensation as well as awards to be granted. For all executives, as part of its deliberations, the Compensation Committee may review and consider, as appropriate, materials such as financial reports and projections, operational data, tax and accounting information, tally sheets that set forth the total compensation that may become payable to executives in various hypothetical scenarios, executive and director stock ownership information, company stock performance data, analyses of historical executive compensation levels and current Company-wide compensation levels and recommendations of the Compensation Committee’s compensation consultant, including analyses of executive compensation paid at other companies identified by the consultant.

  11. Compensation Committee

    Our Compensation Committee enlists the services of a third-party company to conduct an analysis of our compensation practices compared with current market practices. In August 2020, we engaged the services of FW Cook, to conduct a review and analysis of our executive and director compensation compared with current market practices and a peer group of companies, to be used for setting executive and director compensation levels. Our Compensation Committee has approved our peer group annually based on several characteristics including: comparable stage in key product and corporate development, similar growth and performance potential and market capitalization. Effective March 2021, FW Cook, reports directly to the Chair of the Compensation Committee. The Compensation Committee has assessed the independence of FW Cook according to the six factors mandated by SEC and Nasdaq listing standards. After conducting this assessment and considering any potential conflicts of interest, the Compensation Committee concluded that the continued engagement of FW Cook did not raise any conflict of interest and did not adversely affect FW Cook’s independence.

  12. EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

    EXECUTIVE AND DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

  13. SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE FOR FISCAL 2025 AND 2024

    SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE FOR FISCAL 2025 AND 2024

  14. SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE FOR FISCAL 2025 AND 2024

    | Name and Principal Position | Year | Salary ($) | Bonus ($) | Option Awards ($) (1) | Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation ($) (2) | All Other Compensation ($) | Total ($) | | Pratik Shah, Ph.D. | 2025 | 395,000(3) | 144,000(4) | 2,754,300 | 237,000 | 14,000(5) | 3,544,300 | | President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairperson | 2024 | 395,000 | 144,000(4) | — | 237,000 | 13,800 | 789,800 | | Sean Jeffries, Ph.D. | 2025 | 484,000(6) | 6,400(4) | 1,193,530 | 193,600 | 14,000(5) | 1,891,530 | | Chief Operating Officer | 2024 | 432,650 | 26,940(4) | 668,500 | 173,060 | 13,852 | 1,315,002 | | Chris M. Storgard, M.D. | 2025 | 339,310(7) | 144,726(8) | 1,396,960 | 135,724 | 14,000(5) | 2,030,270 | | Chief Medical Officer | | | | | | | |

  15. SUMMARY COMPENSATION TABLE FOR FISCAL 2025 AND 2024

    (1) In accordance with the SEC rules, this column reflects the aggregate grant date fair value of the awards during 2025. These amounts have been computed in accordance with Financial Accounting Standard Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 718 for stock-based compensation transactions (“ASC 718”). Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 9 to our financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. These amounts do not reflect the actual economic value that will be realized by Drs. Shah, Jeffries and Storgard upon the vesting, exercise, or sale of the shares of common stock underlying such awards. (2) Amounts represent the applicable named executive officer’s performance bonus earned for 2025 and 2024 and paid in the subsequent year, as described below under “Non-Equity Incentive Plan Compensation.” Based on the recommendation from our Compensation Committee, our Board of Directors decided that the base salary for Dr. Shah should remain unchanged in December 2024, effective January 1, 2025. Amounts represent discretionary cash bonuses paid for contributions to the Company in 2025 and 2024. Consists of matching contributions to the 401(k) plan, as further described below under “401(k) Plan”. (6) In December 2024, our Compensation Committee approved a merit increase of Dr. Jeffries’ annual base salary from $432,650 to $484,000, effective January 1, 2025. (7) Dr. Storgard began his employment with us on April 16, 2025 with an annualized base salary of $490,000. (8) Amount represents a discretionary cash bonus paid for contributions to the Company in 2025 and a one-time signing bonus in the amount of $30,000.

  16. Outstanding Equity Awards as of December 31, 2025

    Outstanding Equity Awards as of December 31, 2025 The following table presents the outstanding equity incentive plan awards held by each Named Executive Officer as of December 31, 2025.

  17. Outstanding Equity Awards as of December 31, 2025

    | | Option Awards (1) | | | | | | | Name | Grant Date | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Exercisable (#) | Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options Unexercisable (#) | Equity incentive plan awards: Number of securities underlying unexercised unearned options (#) | Option Exercise Price Per Share ($) (2) | Option Expiration Date | | Pratik Shah, Ph.D. | 1/2/2025(3) | — | 600,000 | — | 6.17 | 1/1/2035 | | | 9/1/2023(4) | 306,250 | 218,750 | — | 2.48 | 8/31/2033 | | | 9/1/2023(5) | 306,250 | 218,750 | — | 2.48 | 8/31/2033 | | | 9/1/2023(6) | 612,500 | 437,500 | — | 2.48 | 8/31/2033 | | | 2/1/2023(7) | 269,750 | 145,250 | — | 7.97 | 1/31/2033 | | | 2/1/2022(8) | 451,250 | 23,750 | — | 12.77 | 1/31/2032 | | Sean Jeffries, Ph.D. | 1/2/2025(3) | — | 260,000 | — | 6.17 | 1/1/2035 | | | 1/2/2024(9) | 134,166 | 215,834 | — | 2.54 | 1/1/2034 | | | 2/1/2023(7) | 91,000 | 49,000 | — | 7.97 | 1/31/2033 | | | 2/1/2022(8) | 332,500 | 17,500 | — | 12.77 | 1/31/2032 | | Chris M. Storgard, M.D. | 5/1/2025(10) | — | 400,000 | — | 4.71 | 4/30/2025 |

  18. Outstanding Equity Awards as of December 31, 2025

    (1) All options were granted under the 2021 Plan. (2) All of the option awards were granted with a per share exercise price equal to the fair market value of one share of our common stock on the date of grant, which was the closing price per share of our common stock on the grant date. (3) The shares subject to this option will vest as follows: 20% of the shares will vest on January 1, 2026, 20% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months, 30% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months, and 30% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months. (4) The shares subject to this option will vest as follows: 25% of the shares will vest on August 25, 2024, and thereafter the balance of the shares vest in equal monthly installments over the following 36 months; provided that, as an additional condition to vesting, an investigational new drug application for a product candidate for the treatment of Friedrich ataxia (“FA”) submitted by the Company after September 1, 2023 receives clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. On December 9, 2025, the Board deemed that the performance condition had been met, resulting in the vesting of 295,312 shares subject to the option. (5) The shares subject to this option will vest as follows: 25% of the shares will vest on August 25, 2024, and thereafter the balance of the shares vest in equal monthly installments over the following 36 months; provided that, as an additional condition to vesting, the Company initiates a Phase 2a clinical trial for a product candidate for the treatment of FA. On December 9, 2025, the Board deemed that the performance condition had been met, resulting in the vesting of 295,312 shares subject to the option. (6) The shares subject to this option will vest as follows: 25% of the shares will vest on August 25, 2024, and thereafter the balance of the shares vest in equal monthly installments over the following 36 months. The shares subject to this option will vest as follows: (i) 20% of the shares will vest on February 1, 2024, (ii) 20% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months, (iii) 30% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months and (iv) 30% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months. The shares subject to this option will vest as follows: (i) 20% of the shares will vest on February 1, 2023, (ii) 20% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months, (iii) 30% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months and (iv) 30% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months. The shares subject to this option will vest as follows: (i) 20% of the shares will vest on January 1, 2025, (ii) 20% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months, (iii) 30% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months, and (iv) 30% of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments over the following 12 months. (10) The shares subject to this option will vest as follows: 25% of the shares will vest on April 16, 2026 and the balance of the shares will vest in equal monthly installments thereafter over the following 36 months.

  19. Nonqualified Deferred Compensation

    Nonqualified Deferred Compensation We do not maintain nonqualified defined contribution plans or other nonqualified deferred compensation plans. Our Board of Directors or Compensation Committee may elect to provide our officers and other employees with nonqualified defined contribution or other nonqualified deferred compensation benefits in the future if it determines that doing so is in our best interests.

  20. Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control

    Potential Payments Upon Termination or Change in Control Regardless of the manner in which a Named Executive Officer’s service terminates, each Named Executive Officer is entitled to receive amounts earned during his term of service, including unpaid salary and unused paid time off, as applicable. Dr. Shah is entitled to certain severance benefits under his employment offer letter, subject to his execution of a release of claims, return of all company property, compliance with post-termination obligations and resignation from all positions with us.

  21. DIRECTOR COMPENSATION

    DIRECTOR COMPENSATION The following summarizes the compensation earned by each of the non-employee directors for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2025:

  22. DIRECTOR COMPENSATION FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025

    DIRECTOR COMPENSATION FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025

  23. DIRECTOR COMPENSATION FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025

    | Name | Fees earned or paid in cash ($) | Option awards ($)(1)(2) | Total ($) | | Simeon George, M.D. | 81,958 | 54,714 | 136,672 | | Justin Gover(3) | 3,109 | 220,670 | 223,779 | | Rodney Lappe, Ph.D.(4) | 65,000 | 174,035(4) | 239,035 | | John Schmid | 66,000 | 54,714 | 120,714 | | Deepa Prasad(5) | 51,401 | 54,714 | 106,115 | | Heather Berger, Ph.D. | 55,000 | 54,714 | 109,714 | | Arsani William, M.D.(6) | 41,230 | 54,714 | 95,944 |

  24. DIRECTOR COMPENSATION FOR FISCAL YEAR 2025

    (1) The amounts reported in this column represent the aggregate grant date fair value of awards computed in accordance with ASC Topic 718. Assumptions used in the calculation of these amounts are included in Note 9 to our financial statements in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. (2) The aggregate number of shares subject to outstanding stock options held as of December 31, 2025 by the non-employee directors who are listed in the table above, which includes grants made to the non-employee directors in 2025 and prior calendar years, are as follows: Dr. George: 83,000; Mr. Gover: 45,833; Dr. Lappe: 178,179; Mr. Schmid: 83,000; Ms. Prasad: 98,000 and Dr. Berger: 98,000. (3) Effective September 9, 2025, the Board appointed Justin Gover as a member of the Board as a Class III director, with a term ending at the Company’s 2027 annual meeting of stockholders. In connection with Mr. Gover’s appointment, the Board approved an option grant of 45,000 shares in December 2025 with a grant date of January 2, 2026 and a grant date fair value of $6.67 per share. The grant date value of this January 2, 2026 grant is not reflected in the table above. (4) In addition to grants pursuant to our non-employee director compensation policy, Dr. Lappe received an option grant to purchase 25,993 shares of our common stock on January 2, 2025, as compensation for consulting work. The grant date fair value of this option grant, computed in accordance with ASC Topic 718, was $4.59 per share. The options vests as follows: 25% of the shares subject to the option will vest on January 1, 2026, and the balance of the shares vest in equal monthly installments on the corresponding day of each calendar month over the following 36 months. (5) Ms. Prasad resigned as a member of the Board effective as of February 1, 2026. Dr. William resigned as a member of the Board effective as of September 9, 2025.

  25. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy

    Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy Our Board of Directors adopted a non-employee director compensation policy in March 2021 that became effective on March 25, 2021 and applies to all of our non-employee directors. The compensation policy was amended by the Board in December 2023, effective for compensation as of January 1, 2024. The compensation policy was further amended by the Board on December 9, 2025 to increase the option grants for our non-employee directors, effective immediately for future option grants under the policy. The compensation policy effective as of December 2025 provides that each such non-employee director will receive the following compensation for service on our Board of Directors: an annual cash retainer of $40,000; • an additional annual cash retainer of $30,000 for service as Chair of Board of Directors; • an additional cash retainer of $35,000 for service as Lead Independent Director of the Board of Directors; • an additional annual cash retainer of $7,500, $6,000, $5,000 and $7,500 for service as a member of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Research and Development Committee, respectively; • an additional annual cash retainer of $20,000, $12,000, $10,000 and $15,000 for service as chair of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and Research and Development Committee, respectively (in lieu of the committee member retainer described above); • an initial option grant to purchase 60,000 shares of our common stock on the date of each such non-employee director’s appointment to our Board of Directors, with the shares vesting in 36 equal monthly installments, subject to continued service as a director through the vesting date; • an annual option grant to purchase 30,000 shares of our common stock on the date of each of our annual stockholder meetings for each continuing director with the shares vesting in equal monthly installments over the 12 months following the date of grant, provided that such annual grant will vest in full upon the earlier of the first anniversary of the date of grant or the next annual stockholders meeting, subject to continued service as a director though the applicable vesting date; and • in addition to the initial option grant described above, in the event a non-employee director is appointed prior to an annual stockholder meeting, such director will receive a prorated annual option grant at the time of appointment, with the shares vesting in equal monthly installments over the 12 months following the date of grant. Each of the option grants described above will be granted under our 2021 Plan, the terms of which are described in more detail above under the section titled “Executive and Director Compensation—Equity Compensation Arrangements—2021 Equity Incentive Plan.” Each such option grant will vest in full upon a change in control (as defined in the 2021 Plan). The term of each option will be ten years, subject to earlier termination as provided in the 2021 Plan. An eligible director may decline all or any portion of his or her compensation by giving notice to us prior to the date cash may be paid or equity awards are to be granted, as the case may be. We have reimbursed and will continue to reimburse all of our non-employee directors for their reasonable out-of-pocket expenses incurred in attending Board of Directors and committee meetings. Director’s fees are prorated to the date the director is appointed or elected.